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Servos capable of slightly under 180 degrees of motion. Limited mechanically in the positive direction, and electronically in the negative direction. Servos are connected through a torque spring to ...

Abstract: This paper presents the design and implementation of an Arduino-based ECG heart rate monitoring system. The proposed system uses an ECG sensor module to acquire cardiac signals, which are ...

Abstract: Drunk driving remains a significant issue worldwide, with thousands of lives lost every year due to accidents caused by individuals operating vehicles under the influence of alcohol. The ...

Static calibration: peak output current vs. soil resistance (log-log), showing inverse I ∝ 1/R relationship. Optimized dynamic response at R_soil = 15 kΩ: fast settling (<0.2 ms) with stable 1 kHz ...